which was far more radical than the previous one, wasted no time Du Bois wrote, the “slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery.”. Listen to a recorded reading of this page. In the 1866 mid-term congressional elections, Northern voters overwhelmingly rejected President Johnson’s Reconstruction policies, giving Radical Republicans nearly total control of Congress. The second large group, scalawags, or native-born white Republicans, included some businessmen and planters, but most were nonslaveholding small farmers from the Southern up-country. They nominated New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley as Soon afterward, Congress approved the Fifteenth Amendment, prohibiting states from restricting the right to vote because of race. In the 1873 Slaughterhouse Act of 1866, White Southerners who joined the Republican Party and helped with the Reconstruction were called scalawags. Reconstruction demanded answers to a multitude of difficult questions. He was followed by President Ulysses S. Grant. In 1863, months after signing his Emancipation Proclamation, President Abraham Lincoln introduced his Ten Percent Plan for Reconstruction. refusing to give in to demands to print more paper money, instead Enacted during 1867 and 1868, the Radical Republican-sponsored Reconstruction Acts specified the conditions under which the formerly seceded Southern states of the Confederacy would be readmitted to the Union after the Civil War. Democrats agreed to concede the presidency to the Republicans in effectively ending Radical Reconstruction. After major In every state, African Americans formed the overwhelming majority of Southern Republican voters. Three groups made up Southern Republicanism. Ku Klux Klan members under the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871. popular votes than Hayes, and 184 of It is ratified in December 1865. The Reconstruction plans of President Lincoln were opposed by radical Republicans and passed the Wade-Davis Bill, which the President vetoed. by the U.S. government, not by individuals). of the depression, voted Democrat. However, through organizations thousands of Confederate officials. Grant was reelected in 1872 in the most peaceful election of the period. Reconstruction-era instances of corruption or bribery were vastly exaggerated. The backlash succeeded, and the promises of Reconstruction were mostly unfulfilled. The plan stipulated codes, which denied blacks the right to make contracts, testify against On December 8, 1863 he issued a, for those areas of the Confederacy occupied by Union armies offering pardon to Confederates who would swear to support the Constitution and the Union. of former slaves. By contrast, the Civil War and Reconstruction brought opportunities for progress and growth. He also vetoed a number of Reconstruction laws passed by Congress. The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution, Lynch, John R. “The Facts of Reconstruction.”. governed by the U.S. military until a new government was established. Johnson blamed Congress for the violence and went on what Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. murders of former slaves occurred in Memphis and New Orleans The purpose of the Reconstruction was to help the South become a part of the Union again. Civil War Reconstruction summary: There are two basic areas of topics in regards to The Reconstruction Era. tired of Reconstruction and hoping for more federal relief because of each state’s voting population rather than just 10 percent. Despite being free, most southern black Americans continued to live in desperate rural poverty. During the 1870s, many Republicans retreated from both the racial egalitarianism and the broad definition of federal power spawned by the Civil War. from the Union, transform southern society, and safeguard the rights But the more numerous moderate Republicans hoped to work with Johnson while modifying his program. governments in southern legislatures, and punishing southern planter reform-minded Liberal Republicans broke from the ranks votes. in Washington, D.C., and Vice President Andrew Johnson became 28, 1866 - Joint Committee on Reconstruction reported that the ex-Confederate states were in a state of civil disorder, and had therefore not held valid elections. They also passed the Civil Rights wealthy planters and former Confederate officials. Johnson offered a pardon to all Southern whites except Confederate leaders and wealthy planters (although most of these subsequently received individual pardons), restoring their political rights and all property except slaves. bread cost several hundred Confederate dollars. A free Black man being sold to pay his fine, in Monticello, Florida, 1867. It further ensures that no citizen’s right to “life, liberty, or property” will be denied without due process of law. Lacking land, most former slaves had little economic alternative other than resuming work on plantations owned by whites. Thousands of southerners when Republican Ulysses S. Grant was elected president. withdrew money from the economy by passing the Resumption Act Now lacking land, most formerly enslaved persons were forced to return to working on the same plantations where they had toiled for generations. 15 of January 1865, which set aside a large swath of land along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia for the exclusive settlement of Black families, and by the Freedmen’s Bureau Act of March, which authorized the bureau to rent or sell land in its possession to former slaves. Many Radical Republicans believed that Lincoln’s of 1875 to Omissions? Shortly thereafter, Congress approved the Fourteenth Amendment, which put the principle of birthright citizenship into the Constitution and forbade states to deprive any citizen of the “equal protection” of the laws. Reconstruction witnessed far-reaching changes in America’s political life. Johnson also With the federal government no longer responsible for protecting the rights of the formerly enslaved people, Reconstruction had ended. The national debate over Reconstruction began during the Civil War. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments went largely unenforced, setting the stage for the civil rights movement of the 1960s.
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